A Summary of the National Response Framework

â€Å"Response principle impacts the manner by which strategy and plans are created, powers are composed and prepared, and hardware is secured. It advances solidarity of direction, guides proficient judgment, and empowers responders to best satisfy their obligations. (NFR, January 2008, Page 8 and 9) This synopsis draws upon numerous records from one essential source, the Department of Homeland Security site. Endless supply of these records it turned out to be evident that as our nation confronted progressively visit and dangerous calamities, the more collective our readiness, reaction and recuperation endeavors needed to become; and to arrange that sort of multi-frameworks reaction our people on call and leaders would require a system from which to give an incredible bound together reaction. That archive is the National Response Framework. Investigating and summing up this report is an essential establishment to understanding 21st Century crisis the executives in the United States. A Summary of the National Response Framework â€Å"To forestall, get ready for, react to, and recuperate from psychological oppressor assaults, serious calamities, and different crises, the United States Government will set up a solitary, far reaching way to deal with household episode the executives. † †Homeland Security Presidential Directive †5 (NPR Brochure, page 2) The National Response Framework (NRF) is a 90-page manual for how the United States leads all-risks response.As an understudy investigating the field of crisis the executives as a lifelong chance, unmistakably the National Response Framework is the fundamental initial step to having a superior comprehension of how episode reaction will be led now and later on. Besides, it is the central mandate on how neighborhood, state and government readiness, arranging, a lleviation and recuperation will be fashioned, too. So in the event that one needs to be viable in crisis the board, one should initially get learned of this framework.The National Response Framework is guided by the contribution of many partners, composed for government administrators, private-segment and nongovernmental association (NGO) pioneers, and crisis the executives experts to build up a thorough national way to deal with household occurrence reaction. The NRF works since it hones the emphasis on who is engaged with crisis the board at the neighborhood, ancestral, state and government levels and with the private division and NGOs; depicts what we as a country on the whole do to react to occurrences; clarifies how we are sorted out to actualize reaction activities; and stresses the significance of planning.It permits specialists on call, chiefs and supporting substances to give a bound together national reaction to debacles and crises. (NFP-Fact Sheet, page 4) This record is an aftereffect of twenty years of government arranging archives. The NRF was gone before 15 years sooner by a Federal Response Plan (1992) that concentrated generally on government jobs and duties as it were. (NFP, January 2008, page 2) However, after the 9/11 assaults, earnest endeavors were made to comprehend and actualize normal episode the board and reaction standards to create basic arranging frameworks.President George W. Hedge coordinated the improvement of the National Response Plan (NRP) in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5, in February 2003. It was distributed one year after production of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Strategy for Homeland Security (Strategy). (NFP, January 2008, page 2 and 12) The NRP shaped the reason for how the government would facilitate with state, neighborhood and innate governments and the private division during the reaction to a national incident.It was the foundation for the inevitable development to the National Response Framework. The NRP united accepted procedures from a scope of orders including: country security, crisis the executives, law authorization, firefighting, open works, general wellbeing and the private part and coordinated them into one brought together structure. This brought together structure gave the capacity to facilitate government backing to state, neighborhood and inborn occurrence directors. (NFP, January 2008, page 12)President Bush’s Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5 likewise requested the advancement of the Nationa l Incident Management System (NIMS), which keeps on uniting government, state, nearby and inborn crisis responders into a solitary framework for overseeing episodes. The NIMS empowers responders at all levels to cooperate all the more viably to oversee residential episodes regardless of what the reason, size or multifaceted nature. (Country Security Under Secretary Kicks Off National Response Plan Workshops In D. C. April 15, 2005)The National Response Plan was then renamed the National Response Framework in 2008, to all the more likely adjust the record to its goal. Partners recommended that the NRP didn't establish a genuine operational arrangement in the sense comprehended by crisis chiefs but instead a build for composed national episode the board. The new National Response Framework depends legitimately on the NRP and holds a lot of its substance. (NFP, page2) As referenced already, a significant number of these frameworks created as a reaction to the 9/11 attacks.The NRF is really a prerequisite of the bigger overall National Strategy for Homeland Security (Strategy) that serves to manage and blend our countrys security endeavors to accomplishing the accompanying four objectives: Prevent and upset fear monger assaults. Secure the American individuals and our basic foundation and secret weapons. React to and recoup from episodes that do happen. Keep on reinforcing the establishment to guarantee our drawn out progress. The NRF clearly addresses the third objective.

Hamblet vs Lion King free essay sample

The Lion King was unequivocally affected by William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, they vary from numerous points of view. The film shadows Shakespeare’s work so intently that matches between the principle characters themselves are readi ly obvious. Simba, Mufasa, and Scar are immediate portrayals of Young Hamlet, King Hamlet, and Claudius, however there are a few scenes that set the two apart. The eminent passings of both Simba’s and Hamlet’s fathers (Mufasa and King Hamlet) are completed in various habits; Mufasa is pushed off of a bluff into a rush, and King Hamlet is harmed. Another key distinction is among Nala and Ophelia the admirers of the fundamental characters. Simba loves constantly Nala and winds up wedding her, however Hamlet professes to have lost enthusiasm for Ophelia and needs nothing to do with her. By a long shot, the most pivotal contrast is the closure. Toward the finish of The Lion King , Simba becomes kinfolk g of The Pride Lands, however Hamlet kicks the bucket toward the finish of the play. Althou gh Young Hamlet in Hamlet and Simba in The Lion King share a few contrasts, they are indistinguishable in their loss of fathers, their uncles’ usurpation of the seat, and their vengeance against the new ki ngs. Remark: Thesisâ statementâ withâ three subpoints Comment: Wonderfulâ introduction! You’veâ focusedâ onâ theâ differences,â andâ then youâ useâ thatâ asâ aâ springboardâ toâ focusâ on theâ similarities. Yourâ thesisâ providesâ the energyâ forâ theâ remainderâ ofâ yourâ essay. Fantastic! YourLastName 2 The demise of King Hamlet adversely influences youthful Hamlet, however a fter his passing, Hamlet Sr. ecomes more than the lord and father he used to be. Not knowing precisely how his dad passed on, Hamlet feels lost. He turns into an envoy for his child. At the point when h e moves toward his child as an apparition, he clarifies that he wasn’t bit ten by a snake, similar to everybody in Denmark thought, and mentioned to him what Claudius has done: â€Å"The snake that stung thy fat her’s life/Now wears his crown† (1. 5. 44-45). Hamlet beforehand susp ected him as the executioner and is sickened at the idea. As indicated by The phantom â€Å"[†¦] has been disobliging enough to leave the undertaking of characterizing vengeance soundly up to Hamlet† (Skulsky 78). He recognizes what to do, however he is disturbed to the point that his dad is gone that he is attracted to franticness. Since King Hamlet was dead, Claudius chose to act rapidly and get Gertrude (youthful Hamlet’s mother) to experience passionate feelings for him, so he could turn into the new King. Youthful Hamlet is sickened: â€Å"Within a month,/Ere yet the salt of most wicked tears/Had left the flushing in her rankled eyes,/She wedded † (1. 2. 156-58). Hamlet couldn’t accept that his mom had submitted inbreeding. The seat wasn’t the most significant thing to him, however it was the rule that made him uncomfortable. In his discourse to the individuals of Denmark, Claudius says, â€Å"Yet so far hath watchfulness battled with nature/That we with most shrewd distress think on him,/Together with recognition of ourselves† (1. 2. 5-7) . Claudius doesn’t care about the demise of his sibling; he is just stressed over being the best. Youthful Hamlet acknowledges his father’s appearance and realizes he should retaliate for his passing and assume liability for what his uncle has done . He postpones this procedure. He runs from his duty despite the fact that he recognizes what should be finished. After his uncle’s murdering his dad, wedding his mom, having his spot as lord, and harming his Comment: 1 st topic sentence, Hamlet = lossâ ofâ father Comment: This is not on the Works Cited list! Remark: 2 nd topic sentence, Hamlet = uncle’sâ usurpationâ ofâ throne Comment: 3 rd topic sentence, Hamlet = revengeâ againstâ father’sâ killer YourLastName 3 mother, Hamlet realizes he needs to act to pay tribute to his dad: â€Å"Here, thou depraved, murd’rous, condemned Dane,/Drink off this mixture. Is thy association here? /Follow my mom. † (5. 2. 14-16) Despite the fact that Hamlet kicks the bucket soon after this, he can have confidence that he satisfied his obligation of vengeance. Since Shakespeare’s Hamlet is among the most impressive and persuasive catastrophes, various present day narrat ives and movies, for example, Walt Disney’s The Lion King , have been extraordinarily impacted by it, and Simba can be promptly contrasted and Ham let. (Incredible progress! ) First, Simba is past crushed by the passing of his fath er . Being a youthful whelp when the mishap happened, Simba had no one to gaze upward to with the exception of Scar, who reprimands him for Mufasa’s demise and requests him to go far way and stay away for the indefinite future. He chooses to abandon the past and never recollect it again. Simba carries on with as long as he can remember with the burd en of his father’s passing on his shoulders; he accuses himself. He in some cases seeks the stars for direction , recalling what Mufasa had once let him know: â€Å"Those lords will consistently be there with you thus will I† (Lion ). In spite of the fact that Mufasa said they would consistently be together, Simba once in a while feels his essence. He feels alone , and it isn’t until he arrives at adulthood, when he and Nala are brought together, that he can confront reality. After Scar suggests that Simba ought to escape the Pride Lands, the genuine explanation behind his activities is uncovered †to acquire the title as King of the Pride Land s. Going about as though both Mufasa and Simba were murdered by the charge, Scar makes his declaration: It is with overwhelming sadness that I expect the seat. . . . This is the unfolding of another period, where lion and hyena meet up in an incredible and magnificent future † ( Lion). All the Comment: Transitionâ sentenceâ or paragraph,â betweenâ theâ conclusionâ ofâ three points about Hamlet and the next three points about Simba Comment: 1 st topic sentence, Simba = deathâ ofâ father Deleted: to Remark: 2 nd topic sentence, Simba = uncle’sâ usurpationâ ofâ throne YourLastName 4 creatures of the land are totally shocked and dread for their future. Scar turns into a despot and transforms the Pride Lands into a no man's land. There is no nourishment for any of the creatures, and they’re all totally hopeless. They all desire it could resemble it was before Scar usurped the seat. Inevitably Simba arrives at adulthood and reunites with Nala, who urges him to look for vengeanc e. He is sickened by the news that Scar ha s become the new ruler and devastated everything his dad had endeavored to keep up while he was the best. She encourages him to return to the Pride Lands and guarantee what is legitimately his. In spite of the fact that all through his entire life Simba has been attempting to overlook his past, he is immediately helped by a phantom to remember his dad in the sky of who he really is: â€Å"Remember what your identity is. You a re my child and the one genuine king† (Lion ). Simba at long last acknowledges he needs to confront his past, and return to his home. Seeing his dad was sufficient to persuade him: â€Å" The presence of the phantom of Simbas father, who emphasizes ‘Remember ’ like the apparition of Hamlets father, lights up the prototype clashes among Simba and hello s fiendish and usurping uncle, Scar† (Smith 138) . At the point when he retu rns, Scar quickly asks for pardoning. As yet suspecting he was the reason for his father’s demise, Simba requests that Scar depart the Pride Lands and stay away for the indefinite future. They start to battle, and as Simba hangs of the precipice of Pride Rock, he is insulted by Scar: And now heres my little mystery. I murdered Mufasa! (Lion). Energetically, Simba jumps up from the edge of the precipice and triumphs over his uncle by kicking Scar to a lower bluff where he is murdered by the hyenas. Albeit murdering him isn’t Simba’s objective, he effectively retaliates for his father’s demise and has his spot as lord. Remark: 3 rd topic sentence, Simba = revengeâ againstâ father’sâ murderer YourLastName 5 Although Young Hamlet in Hamlet and Simba in The Lion King share a few contrasts, there are particular equals between the two, for example, the homicides of their dads, the usurpation of the seat by their perverted uncles, and the plots to vindicate their fathers’ passings and recover what is legitimately thei rs . To many, quite a bit of present day diversion may look like new amusement on a superficial level, yet in the wake of being dissected, numerous associations with extraordinary writing can be found. Shakespeare is perhaps the best author ever, and his plays impact the plots of numerous cutting edge films.

Blog Archive MBA News A Closer Look at the Class of 2018

Blog Archive MBA News A Closer Look at the Class of 2018 The Class of 2018 is already hard at work inside business school classrooms. Class profiles, which schools release shortly after matriculation, reveal a diverse crowd among the latest incoming MBA students. We at mbaMission examined the class profiles of 16 top-ranked business schools to bring you a clearer picture of who, exactly, enrolled in MBA programs this fall. Three highly prestigious institutions, Harvard Business School (HBS), the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB), and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, received the most applications throughout the 2015â€"2016 application season. Nearly 10,000 individualsâ€"9,759, to be exactâ€"applied to HBS, while the Stanford GSB received 8,116 applications, and Wharton received 6,679. Perhaps unsurprisingly, HBS also has the largest incoming class, with 934 individuals. The New York University Stern School of Business, which received 3,773 applications last year, has the second-largest group of new MBA students: 872 men and women. The third-largest class among the schools we examined enrolled at Wharton, where 851 students began their MBA studies this year. Diversity is perhaps more sought after than ever in business school classrooms, as is evident in the incoming class statistics. Each of the 16 top-ranked schools we examined have an incoming class comprising more than 30% women, and nearly half (eight schools) reported female representation of 40% or greater. At Wharton and the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, women represent 44% of the Class of 2018, and at HBS and the Yale School of Management (SOM), the figure is similar, at 43%. Underrepresented U.S. minorities account for more than 20% of the class at most schools, while Wharton and the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, reported the highest figures, at 32% each. Although all of the schools we examined are based within the United States, the class profiles show that the rest of the world is well representedâ€"each school reported the enrollment of students from more than 30 countries. At Wharton, incoming students hail from a whopping 71 countries, and at HBS, from 68 countries. At Columbia Business School (CBS), nearly half (48%) of students are international. Other schools with the highest percentages of international students are Yale SOM (46%), Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business (40%), and the Stanford GSB (40%). Educational and work-related statistics offered few surprises, as incoming students’ average GPAs hover around the typical 3.5â€"3.6 range, and their average GMAT scores are between 710 and 730, as in many previous years. Business was the most popular undergraduate major among new MBA students at six schools, with humanities and social sciences not far behind. At nearly every school that reported such information, the average amount of professional work experience years is five years. In addition, five schools reported the average age of their incoming students as 28. The Class of 2018 consists of a plethora of applicants, hailing from countless different backgrounds. What the Class of 2019 will look like remains to be seen. Will you be a part of it next year? Share ThisTweet B-School Charts Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Dartmouth College (Tuck) Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) Yale University (School of Management)

Traumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi ) - 2998 Words

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) What are the challenges for the Army Soldier after being diagnosed with a TBI? Will the Army Soldier be able to resume a normal life along with their military career? Introduction Serving in the military comes with the preconceived notion that the possibility of getting hurt or killed in the line of duty is highly likely. I would argue that a Soldier doesn t think about getting hurt until it actually happens to them. So what happens when the injury, specifically a traumatic brain injury (TBI) leaves the Soldier with a permanent impairment or a disability? The challenge of trying to adapt as a person living with a disability could be overwhelming for the Soldier, and also for the Soldier s immediate family as well. The need to get one s life back to normal, establish new relationships with familiar people, or the need to better understand social experiences as a person with a TBI is addressed in an article by Hoogerdijk, Runge, and Haugboelle. The details of interviews with four people that were all diagnosed with a TBI reveals accounts of uncertainness and insecurities. The article pointed out that The individuals’ identities were threatened when they found out that they were no longer able to perform meaningful activities or sustain important relationships (Hoogerdijk, Runge, and Haugboelle, 2010, p.128). During the first week in class, we were given the definitions of impairment, disability, and handicap. We also addressedShow MoreRelatedTraumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi )862 Words   |  4 PagesTraumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million people annually in the U.S. with 275,000 hospitalizations and 52,000 deaths. In 2010, the medical cost for treating TBI patients in the U.S. was $76.5 billion and rising annually. Primary causes for TBI include the following: motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults and sports or recreation-related injuries (concussions). 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What is TBI? â€Å"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a nondegenerative, noncongenital insult to the brain from anRead MoreEvaluating A Website For Credibility927 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating a Website for Credibility The human brain is extremely fragile and â€Å"any bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain† is considered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (CDC quote). As an inpatient rehabilitation nurse, TBI s are a large percentage of the patient population and are continuously growing. All brain injuries are different and unique from one another, but brain injuries could affect everything from a person’s memoryRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severity from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical struct ures and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury: Living with TBI and the effects on individual and caregivers Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. â€Å"Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue† (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating

Science And Fisheries Thesaurus Environmental Factors,...

Keywords from the Aquatic Science Fisheries Thesaurus: Environmental factors, Genetic diversity, Fjords, Marine fish, Marine Biodiversity, 1. Introduction Marine environmental landscape parameters play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms (Selkoe et al., 2008). Consequently, identifying environmental parameters that promote population genetic differentiation is a major focus of study in evolutionary biology (Selkoe et al., 2008). Most research on the effects of the environmental marine landscape on the genetics of population structure has been qualitative (e.g. JÃ ¸rgensen et al., 2005; Galindo et al., 2006). However, this descriptive interpretation may not always be completely successful in identifying the factors that are responsible for the observed genetic structure of natural populations, and most importantly, they do not evaluate explicitly the environmental factors. In fact, few studies evaluate both: genetic and marine environmental data (Galindo et al., 2006). Manel et al. (2003) introduced the landscape genetic concept, which is able to explain spatial genetic patterns through out landscape features (i.e. geographic, physic and chemical variables) and spatial statistics (Manel et al., 2003; Storfer et al., 2007). Although useful, most studies that used this approach have been performed in terrestrial organisms, leaving marine and freshwater organisms mostly unexplored (Storfer et al., 2010). Recently, concepts like

Using Text Messaging And Social Networking Sites Affects...

The purpose of this report is to educate parents and students on how the use of text messaging and social networking sites affects social skills in teens. I will inform parents and students who own a cell phone how using cell phones to communicate all the time can result in bad face-to-face communication. People need to understand that focusing on social network and texting on an everyday basis can cause people to not read facial expression, effect grammar skills, and not be able to communicate properly in person. Researching this topic, the best way to solve this issue is to encourage students to talk face to face rather than connecting over the internet. Students around the 12 to 20 years of age need to recognize how social network and†¦show more content†¦I hope everyone learns and intake the information on my report to help prevent or encourage those to text or stay on the internet less. Research Plan To research my topic, I went online to browse different articles and blogs about how texting can affect teens. The internet provided some information that was interesting. It was a great place to find dependable information and it provided stats on the average teens around the U.S that text on the daily basis. Some of the articles introduced me to solutions tensor parents might consider, such as, putting phones away during dinner time, hanging out with friends outside of school, suggest trips, or maybe read a book. Result of Study â€Å"According to pewinternet.org, â€Å"a bit more than a third (37%) of social network-using teens said they sent messages to friends every day through the social sites, a drop from the 42% of such teens who said they did so in February of 2008†. Face- to -face communication among children and teenagers is being squashed out by social networks.† According to the Pew Research Center, 72% of teenagers text regularly, and one in three sends more than 100 texts per day.† (Stewart) â€Å"Two-thirds of the teens surveyed in the Pew research study reported that they are more apt

The Dead Sea Scrolls (1545 words) Essay Example For Students

The Dead Sea Scrolls (1545 words) Essay The Dead Sea ScrollsTHE DEAD SEA SCROLLSHum. 211Karen RankSunday, October 17, 1999While pursuing one of his goats into a cave near the Dead Sea in the Jordan Desert, in1947, a fifteen year old boy by the name of Muhammad adh-Dhib, stumbled on to a greatdiscovery. Inside the cave, he found broken jars that contained scrolls written in a strangelanguage, wrapped in linen cloth and leather.1 This first discovery produced seven scrolls andstarted an archaeological search that produced thousands of scroll fragments in eleven caves. The Dead Sea is located in Israel and Jordan, east of Jerusalem. The dead sea is verydeep, salty, and its the lowest body of water in the world. Because the dead sea is at such a lowelevation, the climate has a high evaporation rate but a very low humidity which helped topreserve the scrolls.2Archaeologists searched for the dwelling of the people that may have left the scrolls inthe caves. The archaeologist excavated a ruin located between the cliffs where the scrolls werefound and the dead sea. This ruin is called Qumran. The ruins and the scrolls were dated by thecarbon 14 method and found to be from the third century which made them the oldest survivingbiblical manuscript by at least 1000 years. Since the first discoveries archaeologists have found over 800 scrolls and scrollfragments in 11 different caves in the surrounding area. In fact, there are about 100,000 fragmentsfound in all. Most of which were written on goat skin and sheep skin. A few were on papyrus, aplant used to make paper, but one scroll was engraved on copper sheeting telling of sixty buriedtreasure sites.3Because the scrolls containing the directions to the treasures is unable to be fullyunrolled, the treasures have not been found yet. In all, the texts of the scrolls were remarkable. They contained unknown psalms, Bible commentary, calendar text, mystical texts, apocalyptictexts, liturgical texts, purity laws , bible stories, and fragments of every book in the OldTestament except that of Esther, including a imaginative paraphrase of the Book of Genesis. Alsofound were texts, in the original languages, of several books of the Apocrypha andPseudepigrapha. These texts?none of which was included in the Hebrew canon of the Bible?areTobit, Sirach, Jubilees, portions of Enoch, and the Testament of Levi, up to this time known onlyin early Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Ethiopic versions.4John Trever of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, was allowed toinvestigate the scrolls and was stunned to find that the scrolls closely resemble the Nash Papyrus,the once known oldest fragment of the Hebrew Bible dated at or around 150 BC. One of thescrolls was a complete copy of the book of the prophet Isaiah. Trever also examined three otherscrolls; the Manual of Disci pline, a commentary on the book of Habbakuk, and one called theGenesis Apocryphon. Trever took photographs of the texts to William Foxwell Albright ; of JohnHopkins University in Baltimore, who declared the scrolls dated back to around 100 BC.5The scroll and fragments found in the Qumran is a library of information that containsbooks or works written in three different languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Manyscholars separated the scrolls into three different categories: Biblical Books found in the Hebrew Bible. Apocryphal or psuedepigraphical Works not in some Bibles but included in others. Sectarian ordinances, biblical commentaries, apocalyptic visions, and sacred works.6 One of the longer text, found in Qumran is the Tehillim or Psalms Scroll. It was found in1956 in cave 11 and unrolled in 1961. It is a assortment of Psalms, hymns and an indifferent passage about the psalms authored by King David. It is written on sheep skin parchment and it hasthe thickest surface of any of the scrolls.7 The Manual Of Discipline or Community Rule contains rules, warnings and punishmentsto violators of the rules of the desert sect called Yahad. It also contains the methods of joining thecommunity, the relations among the members, their way of life , and their beliefs. The sectbelieved that human nature and all that happens in the world is predestined. The scroll ends withsongs of praise of God. The scroll was found in cave 4 and cave 5 and It was written onparchment. The longest version was found in cave 4.8The War Rule is commonly referred to as the ?Pierced Messiah? text. It refer s to aMessiah who came from the line of David, to be brought to a judgment and then to a killing. Itanticipates the New Testament view of the preordained death of the messiah. It is written in aHebrew script and is only a six line fragment.9 Most of the scrolls were found in caves near Qumran. The Qumran site was excavated tofind the habitation of those who deposited the scrolls in the nearby caves. The excavationsuncovered plates bowls and cemeteries with over twelve hundred graves that have the samecharacteristics which suggest religious uniformity, along with a complex of structures which suggested that they were communal in presentation.10 Many believe this is where a community ofa distant Jewish sect called the Essenes may have once lived. The Essenes were members of aJewish religious brotherhood, organized on a communal basis who practiced strict disciplines. Theorder had around 4000 members and they existed in Palestine and Syria from the 2nd century BCto the 2nd century AD. The sects main settlements were on the shores of the Dead Sea.11 In somescholars views the site was the wilderness retreat of the Essenes. According to these scholars, theEssenes or another religious sect resided in neighboring locations, most likely caves, tents, andsolid structures, but depended on the center for community facilities such as stores of food andwater. 12Many scholars believe the Essene community wrote, copied, or accumulated the scrollsat Qumran and deposited them in the caves of the neighboring hills. Others question thisexplanation, claiming that the site was no monastery but rather a Roman fortress or a winterresidence. Some also believe that the Qumran site has little if anything to do with the scrolls andthe evidence available does not support a definitive answer. 13A lapse in the use of the site is linked to evidence of a huge earthquake. Qumran wasabandoned about the time of the Roman invasion of 68 A.D.,14 two years before the collapse ofJewish self-governme nt in Judea and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Thescrolls are believed to have been brought from Jerusalem the Judean wilderness for safekeepingwhen Jerusalem was threatened by Roman armies. This was the time that Qumran was a judeanmilitary fortress which was destroyed in a battle with the RomansSince their discovery, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been the subject of great scholarly andpublic interest. For scholars they represent an invaluable source for exploring the nature of post-biblical times and probing the sources of two of the worlds great religions. For the public, theyare artifacts of great significance, mystery, and drama. 15The Dead Sea Scrolls give us a better view of a crucial period in the history of Judaism. .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .postImageUrl , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:visited , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:active { border:0!important; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:active , .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17e95b4eca8fd78b5f020c7225f84c9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Diversity: Racial Disparity in the EssayJudaism was divided into numerous religious sects and political parties. With the destruction ofthe Temple in 70 AD., all that came to an end. Only the Judaism of the Pharisees; the mostpowerful Jewish sectRabbinic Judaismsurvived. Qumran literature shows a Judaism in themidst of change from the religion of Israel as described in the Bible to the Judaism of the rabbis asexplained in the Talmud, which tells the rules that Jews live by.16 Scholars have emphasized similarities between the beliefs and practices shown in the Qumranmaterial and those of early Christians.17 These similarities include rituals of baptism, communalmea ls, and property.18 One of the most fascinating similarities is how the people dividedthemselves into twelve tribes led by twelve chiefs. This is very similar to how Jesus had twelveapostles who would sit on thrones and judge the twelve tribes of Israel. 19The Dead Sea Scrolls were written during the birth of Christianity and an important time inJewish history. The scrolls have giving an insight into the lives and customs of the people wholived in a time of Roman invasion and Jewish history. Although the text do not hold all theanswers, they do give people a tool to use when studying biblical history. Only a very fewscholars had access to the scrolls before copies of the scrolls were published in the 1990s; nowwe all have a chance to read an come to our own conclusions about the text. Whether the scrollsuphold Jewish or Christian beliefs is not the only interesting part of the scrolls. The text also givea more personal look at the people who lived in a major part of Jewish history. BibliographyWORKS CITEDBurrows, Millar. (1955). The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Grammercy Publishing Company Roth, Cecil. (1965). The Dea Sea Scrolls. A New Historical Approach. New York: W.W. Norton ; Company. Schubert, Kurt . (1959). The Dead Sea Community. Great Britain: Bowering Press Plymouth. Shanks, Hershel. (1998). The Mystery And Meaning Of The Dead Sea Scrolls. New York:Random House. Project Judaica Foundation, Inc.(1996-1999) . Welcome to SCROLLS FROM THE DEAD SEA. The Ancient Library of Qumran and ModernScholarship, an Exhibit at the Library of Congress, Washington,DChttp://metalab.unc.edu/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/intro.html, Site design by New Connections. Religion